Research
Research into the potential health
benefits of fish oils has been ongoing for over a
century. There is an abundant range, and an ever
growing number of research studies in the
area. Recently the Food & Drug
Administration (FDA) announced the availability of
a qualified health claim for reduced coronary hear
disease (CHD) from the consumption of omega 3
products. (For more information visit: www.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/lab-qhc.html).
Below is listed a small number of
selected research references relating to Omega 3's
and shark liver oils for your information. If you
require further information please contact
us.
Omega
3 and Cardiovascular Health
Omega
3 and Brain Health
Omega
3 and Joint health
Omega
3, general and other health benefits
DSSLO
and Immune
Support
DSSLO
and cancer
DSSLO
and skin health
DSSLO,
general and other health
benefits
Omega 3 and Cardiovascular
health
1.
Burr, ML et al. Effects of changes in fat, fish, and
fibre intakes on death and myocardial
reinfarction: Diet and Reinfarction Trial (DART).
Lancet. Sep 30 1989;2 (8666):757-761
2.
GISSI Prevenzione Investigators.
Dietary supplementation with n-3 polyunsaturated
fatty acids and vitamin E after myocardial
infarction: results of GISSI trial. The Lancet,
Vol.3: 447- 455 1999.
3.
Mata-Lopez,P and Ortega,R.M. Omega-3
fatty acids in the prevention and control of
cardiovascular disease. European Journal of
Clinical Nutrition Vol. 57, Suppl 1, S22-5 Sep
2003.
4.
Hirafuji, M. et al. Cardiovascular
protective effects of n−3 polyunsaturated fatty
acids with special emphasis on docosahexaenoic
acid. Journal of Pharmacological Sciences Vol. 92
(4), P: 308−16, Aug 2003.
5.
Imazio et al. Omega−3 polyunsatured
fatty acids role in postmyocardial infarction
therapy. Panminerva medica Vol. 45 (2), P:
99−107, Jun 2003.
6.
Von Schacky, C. The role of omega−3
fatty acids in cardiovascular disease. Current
Atherosclerosis Reports, Vol. 5 (2), P: 139−45,
Mar 2003.
7.
Kris, E. P, et al. Omega−3 fatty acids and cardiovascular
disease: new recommendations from the American
Heart Association. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis,
and Vascular Biology 2003 Feb 1, Vol. 23(2),
P: 151−2, 1 Feb 2003 .
8.
O?Keefe, J.H. Jr. and Harris, W.S. From
Inuit to implementation: omega−3 fatty acids come
of age. Mayo Clinic Proceedings Vol. 75 (6), P:
607−14, Jun 2000.
9.
David S Siscovick et al. Dietary intake
of long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and
the risk of primary cardiac arrest. American
Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Vol. 71, No. 1,
208-212, January 2000.
10.
Illingworth,D.R. and Ullman D. Effects
of Omega 3 fatty acids on risk factors for
cardiovascular disease. Omega 3 fatty acids in
health and Disease, Marcel Dekker Inc., New
York 1990.
11.
Harris, W.S. n-3 Fatty acids and serum
lipoproteins: Human studies. Amer. J. Clinical
Nutrition, 65;5:Suppl.,S1645-S1654,
1997.
12.
Daviglus, M.L.,Stamler, J.,Shekelle,
R.B.,et al. Fish consumption and the 30-year risk
of fatal myocardial infarction. New Engl. J. Med,
336; 15:1046-1053, 1997.
13.
Leaf, A., & Kang, J.X. Prevention
of cardiac sudden death by n-3 fatty acids: A
review of the evidence. Journal of Internal
Medicine, 240; 1:5-12. 1996.
14.
Keli, S.O., et al. Fish Consumption and Risk of Stroke -
The Zutphen Study. Stroke, 25;2:328-332
1994.
15.
Sanders, T.A.B. & Hinds, A. The
Influence of a Fish Oil High in Docosahexaenoic
Acid on Plasma Lipoprotein and Vitamin E
Concentrations and Haemostatic Function in Healthy
Male Volunteers. British Journal of Nutrition,
68,1,163-173, July 1992.
16.
Dolecek,T.A.& Grandits,G. Dietary
polyunsaturated fatty acids and mortality in the
Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial (MRFIT).
In "Health Effects of w-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty
Acids in Seafoods". World Rev. Nutr. Diet.,
66:205-216.1991.
17.
Dyerberg, J. et al. Eicosapentaenoic
acid and Prevention of Thrombosis and
Atherosclerosis. Lancet, 15th;ii: 117-9. July
1978.
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the top
Omega
3 and Brain Health
1.
Whalley et al. Cognitive aging,
childhood intelligence, and the use of food
supplements: possible involvement of n-3 fatty
acids. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition Vol
80 (6), 1650-1657, Dec 2004.
2.
Logan, A.C. Neurobehavioral aspects of
omega−3 fatty acids: possible mechanisms and
therapeutic value in major depression. Alternative
medicine review, VOL: 8 (4), P: 410−25, Nov
2003.
3.
Emsley, R., et al. Clinical potential
of omega−3 fatty acids in the treatment of
schizophrenia. CNS Drugs Vol. 17 (15), P:
1081−91, 2003.
4.
Silvers K.M., Scott K.M. Fish
consumption and self-reported physical and mental
health status. Public Health Nutrition, Vol. 5,
no. 3, pp. 427-432(6), June 2002.
5.
Bowden, C,L. Novel treatments for
bipolar disorder. Expert opinion on
investigational drugs, Vol. 10(4), 661-71 Apr
2001.
6.
Mischoulon,D. and Fava, M.
Docosahexaenoic acid and omega−3 fatty acids in
depression. The Psychiatric clinics of North America, Vol. 23 (4),
P: 785−94, Dec 2000.
7.
Freeman, M.P. Omega−3 fatty acids in
psychiatry: a review. Annals of Clinical
Psychiatry, Vol. 12 (3), P: 159−65, Sep
2000.
8.
Maidment,I.D. Are fish oils an
effective therapy in mental illness - an analysis
of the data. Acta Psychiatrica
Scandinavica, Vol. 102 (1), P: 3−11, Jul 2000.
9.
Adams, P.B., Lawson, S., Sanigorski,
A., Sinclair,A.J. Arachidonic acid to
eicosapentaenoic acid ratio in blood correlates
positively with clinical symptoms of depression.
Lipids, 31, Suppl.,S157-S161, 1996.
10.
Farquharson, J., et al. Effect of diet
on the fatty acid composition of the major
phospholipids of infant cerebral cortex. Arch.
Dis. Childhood, 72; 198-203 1995.
11.
Crawford, M.A, et al. A New Theory of Evolution: Quantum
Theory in Essential Fatty Acids and Eicosanoids,
AOCS, p87-95 1992.
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the top
Omega
3 and Joint health
1.
Curtis et al. Biological basis for the
benefit of nutraceutical supplementation in
arthritis. Drug Discovery Today, Vol. 9 (4), P:
165−72 15 Feb 2004.
2.
James,M.J, et al. Dietary n−3 fats as adjunctive therapy
in a prototypic inflammatory disease: issues and
obstacles for use in rheumatoid arthritis.
Prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and essential fatty
acids, Vol. 68 (6), P: 399−405, Jun
2003.
3.
Cleland, L et al. The role of fish oils
in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.
Drugs Vol. 63 (9), P: 845−53
2003.
4.
Darlington, L. G. and Stone, T. A. Antioxidants
and fatty acids in the amelioration of rheumatoid
arthritis and related disorders. The British
Journal of Nutrition, Vol. 85 (3), P: 251−69, Mar
2001.
5.
Calder, P. C. and Zurier, R. B.
Polyunsaturated fatty acids and rheumatoid
arthritis. Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition
and Metabolic Care, Vol. 4 (2), P: 115−21, Mar
2001.
6.
Kremer, J. M. n−3 fatty acid
supplements in rheumatoid arthritis. The American
Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Vol. 71 (1 Suppl),
P: 349S−51S, Jan 2000.
7.
Ariza- Ariza, R et al. Omega−3 fatty acids in rheumatoid
arthritis: an overview. Seminars in Arthritis and
Rheumatism, Vol. 27 (6), P: 366−70, Jun
1998.
8.
James, M. J. and Cleland, L.G. Dietary
n−3 fatty acids and therapy for rheumatoid
arthritis. Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism,
Vol. 27 (2), P: 85−97, Oct 1997.
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the top
Omega
3, general and other health benefits
1.
Ruxton et al. The health benefits of
omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids: a review of
the evidence. Journal of Human Nutrition and
Dietetics, Vol. 17, 449-459, Oct 2004.
2.
Larsson et al. Dietary long−chain n−3
fatty acids for the prevention of cancer: a review
of potential mechanisms. The American Journal of
Clinical Nutrition Vol. 79 (6), 935−45. Jun
2004.
3.
Shahidi, F. Functional foods: Their
role in health promotion and disease prevention.
Journal of Food Science Vol. 69 No. 5, R146-R149
June 2004.
4.
Delarue, Jacques et al. n-3 long chain
polyunsaturated fatty acids: a nutritional tool to
prevent insulin resistance associated to type 2
diabetes and obesity. Reproduction Nutrition
Development Vol. 44 No.
3 289-299 May
2004
5.
Harris, W. S. Fish oil supplementation:
evidence for health benefits. Cleveland Clinic
Journal of Medicine, Vol. 71 (3), P: 208−10, 212,
215−8, Mar 2004.
6.
Sirtori,C. R. and Galli, C. n−3
fatty acids and diabetes. Biomedicine &
Pharmacotherapy, Vol: 56 (8), P: 397−406, Oct
2002.
7.
Belluzzi, A. n−3 fatty acids for the
treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases. The
Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, Vol. 61 (3),
P: 391−5, Aug 2002.
8.
Mayser, P. et al. n−3 fatty acids in
psoriasis. The British Journal of Nutrition Vol.
87 Suppl 1, P: S77−82, Jan 2002.
9.
Ziboh, V. A. et al. Metabolism of polyunsaturated fatty
acids by skin epidermal enzymes: generation of
anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative
metabolites. The American Journal of Clinical
Nutrition, Vol. 71 (1 Suppl), P: 361S−6S, Jan
2000.
10.
Horrocks, R and Yeo, Y. Health benefits
of Docosahaxaenoic acid (DHA). Pharmacological
Research. Vol 40, No. 3, 211-25 1999
11.
Gerster, H. Can adults adequately
convert alpha-linolenic acid (18:3 n-3) to
eicosapentaeonic acid (20:5 n-3) and
docosahexaenoic acid (22:6 n-3)? International
Journal Vitamins & Nutritional Research Vol
69, 159 -173, 1998
12.
Cave,W.T. jr. Dietary omega−3
polyunsaturated fats and breast cancer.Nutrition,
Vol: 12 (1 Suppl), P: S39−42, Jan
1996.
13.
Sanders, T.A & Roshanai, F. The
influence of different types of omega 3
polyunsaturated fatty acids on blood lipids and
platelet function in healthy volunteers. Clinical
Science Vol. 64, 91-99, 1983
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the top
DSSLO
and Immune
Support
1.
Croft, J. A Gift From the Sea; Natural
immunity from the ocean. New
Zealand Deep Sea Shark
Liver Oil. The Deep Ocean Shark
Liver Oil Story
2.
Oh S.Y. and Jadhav L.S. Effects of
dietary alkylglycerols in lactating rats on immune
responses in pups. Paediatric Research Vol. 36, 3,
300-305 1994.
3.
Palmblad et al. Interactions between
alkoxyglycerols and human neutrophil granulocytes.
Scan J Clin Lab Invest. 50: 363-370;
1990.
4.
Quie, PG. Antimicrobial defenses in the
neonate. Semin Perinatol, 14: 2-9,
1990.
5.
Das et al. Dietary ether lipids
incorporation into tissue plasmalogens of humans
and rodents. Lipids, 27; 401-405,
1992.
6.
Lee et al. Function, metabolism and
regulation of platelet activating factor and
related ether lipids. Phospholipids and Cellular
Regulation, edited by J.F. Kuo CRC Press, Boca
Raton, FL, 1-39, 1993.
7.
Yamamoto et al. Vitamin D3 binding
protein required for in-vitro activation of
macrophages after alkylglycerol treatment of mouse
peritoneal cells. Immunol, 74; 420-424;
1991.
8.
Brohult et al. Reduced mortality in
cancer patients after administration of
alkoxyglycerols. Acta Obstetrics Gynaecology
Scandinavia, Vol.
65, 779-785 1986.
9.
Boeryd et al. Stimulation of immune
reactivity by methoxy-substituted glycerol ether
incorporated into the feed. European J of
Immunology. 8: 678-680. 1978.
10.
Brohult et al. Regression of tumour
growth after administration of alkoxyglycerols.
Acta Obstetrics Gynaecology Scandinavia, Vol. 57, 79-83
1978.
11.
Boeryd B, et al. Studies on the effect
of methoxy-substituted glycerol ethers on tumour
growth and metastasis formation. British Journal
of Experimental Pathology L11, 3 221-230,
1971.
12.
Brohult et al. Biochemical effects of
alkoxyglycerols and their use in cancer. Acta Chem
Scand. 24: 730; 1970.
13.
Brohult A. Alkoxyglycerols and their
use in radiation treatment. Acta Radiologica,
Supplement 223, 1969.
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the top
DSSLO and cancer
1.
Andreesen
R. Ether lipids in the therapy of cancer. Prog
Biochem Pharmacol. 22: 118-131;
1988.
2.
Skopinska
et al. Inhibitory effects of Greenland shark liver oil
combined with squalene and arctic birch ashes on
angiogenesis and L-1 sarcoma growth in Balb/c
mice. Polish J Vet SCi, vol 6, no 3, 54-56,
2003.
3.
O?Sullivan
et al. Squalene but not n-3 fatty acids protect
against hydrogen peroxide-induced sister chromatid
exchanges in Chinese hamster V79 cells. Nutrition
Research, vol 22, no 7, 847-857,
2002.
4.
Erdlenbruch
et al. Transient and controllable opening of the
blood-brain-barrier to cytostatic and antibiotic
agents by alkylglycerols in rats. Exp Brain Res,
135 (3), 417-22.
2000.
5.
Kelly,
GS. Squalene and its potential clinical uses.
Alternative Med Rev 4 (1);
29-36.
6.
Fan
et al. Squalene inhibits sodium arsenite-induced
sister chromatid exchanges and micronuclei in
Chinese hamster ovary-K1 cells. Mutation Research,
vol 368, no 3-4, 165-169,
1996.
7.
Ahmad
et al. Effects of ether lipids liposomes against
mouse tumors and human tumor xenografts. Proc of
the America Assoc for Cancer Research, vol 37,
March 1996.
8.
Werbach,
MR. Alkylglycerols in Cancer. Orth Molec Med,
9:71; 1994.
9.
Kelley
et al. Unidirectional membrane uptake of the ether
lipid antineoplastic agent edelosine by L1210
cells. Biochem Pharmacol, 45: 2435-39; 1993.
10.
Lohmeyer,
et al. The role of intracellular free calcium
mobilization in mechanism of action of antitumor
ether lipids SRI 62-834 and ET-18-0ME. Biochem
Pharmacol. 45:77-85,
1993.
11.
Engebraaten
et al. Effect of alkyl-lysophospholipid on
glioblastoma cell invasion into fetal rat brain
tissue in-vitro. Cancer Res, 51 (6), 1713-9.
1991.
12.
Diomede
et al. Increased ether lipid cytotoxicity by
reducing membrane cholesterol content. Instituto
di Recerche Farmacologiche, Italy,
Int J Cancer (US), 49 (3), 409-13,
1991.
DSSLO
and skin health
1.
Rosenthal, ML. Biological role and
practical uses of Squalene and Squalane. Chapter 8
Cosmetics and the Skin, Wells & Lubowe,
Reinhold Publishing company
2.
Eyres, L. et al. Potential of squalene
as a functional lipid in foods and cosmetics.
Lipid−Technology, 14 (5) 104−109; 2002
DSSLO,
general and other health
benefits
1.
Heikki Relas et al. Dietary squalene
increases cholesterol synthesis measured with
serum non-cholesterol sterols after a single oral
dose in humans. Atherosclerosis 152 377?383,
2000
2.
Shin et al. Amaranth squalene reduces
serum and liver lipid levels in rats fed a
cholesterol diet. British Journal of Biomedical
Science, vol 61, no 1, 11-14, 2004.
3.
Pugliese et al. Some biological actions
of alkylglycerols from shark liver oil. The
Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine.
4: 1; 87-89, 1998.
4.
Chan et al. Effectiveness and safety of
low-dose prevastatin and squalene, alone and in
combination, in elderly patients with
hypercholesterolemia. J Clin Pharmaocolo 36 (5):
422-427, 1996.
5.
Hallgren et al. Occurrence, synthesis
and biological effect of methoxy-substituted
glycerol ethers. Progress in Chemistry of Fats and
other Lipids 16- 45 1978.
6.
Hallgren et al. The Glycerol ethers in
the liver oils of Elasmobranch Fish. Journal of
Lipid Research, Vol. 3, 3238 1962.
7.
Hallgren et al. The Glycerol ethers in
man and cow. Journal of Lipid Research, Vol. 3,
39-43 1962.
8.
Brohult A. Alkylglycerols as growth
stimulating substances. Nature 199:591-592, 1960.
9.
Kayama, M. Marine biogenic lipids.
Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi, vol 67, no 6,
1039-1050, 2001.
10. Oh Suk, Y. Shark liver oil as a
functional food. FASEB Journal, vol 14, no 4,
A217, 2000.
11. Fredlin, B. Preliminary observations of
rapid effects of ecomer on the excretion of Hg in
man. Dept Physiological Chemistry, University of
Lund, Sweden.
12. Fredlin, B. Effects of alkoxyglycerols
on the accumulation of mercury in rats after a
single dose of metallic mercury. Swed J Biol Med;
Jan
1990.
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